Measurement of penetrative radiation



Pofonfod Novo 1, 1949 MEASUBEMENT oF PENoTBATIvE BADIATN (erhafo Iferzog, ffoIISfon, Tox., ossfgnor fo 11lo Toxas coInpony, Now fork, N. f oI ooIpofoffon of Dofowofo AppnoaHon Agusf 26, 1944, sof181 No. 551,308

10 olalms, (oL zo83.o)

T ffS inventfon felates to the n1easufen1ent of penetfative fodiotfon ond n1ore partioularly to o n1efhod and an apparatus for detern1ining the fesponse o oounting rate of a radiation deteotof by transfofnoing tho detector output into an audlible tone, the volufne or loudness of whioh is proportional to the output of the detector and thus to the aInount of radiation deteoted.

The pfinofpol objeot of the invention is the pfo viSion of al fnethod and a oomparatively simple appafatus by n1eanS of vvhfoh vafiations in pene tfative fadiation Inay be noted quiokly and aoou rately and vithout the necessity of viSua1 fnSpec tion of o metef of otheT instTument.

In tJo S- fetterS Patent No 2,277,756 gfanfed 1`/falfch 31, 1942 to D. G- C. Hafe, a fnethod and an apparatus are diSoloSed by n1eans of Which the thiokneSS of an object, Such aS a. plate of the vaH of al tube of pipe, can be detefn1ined f1 om one side without the necessity of acoeSS to the other Side. In acoofdanoe With the Iafe patent, penetrative Tadiation, Suoh as ganffna fays, ffoff1 o fadiofion souroe placed near one side of the objeot to be n1eaSured penetrates the object wherein a poftfon of the fadiation is diffused ond Soattered baok to a radiation deteotof disposed neaf and shielded froTn the source and of the Sanle side of the objeot at the souroe. In aooofdance With thodisclosure 111 the patent the output of the detector, Which fnay be a device of the Geigerfuenef counter type, is anlpliffed 8nd oonneofed to o Ineter such as 94 galvanonletef, the reading of which is indicative of the responSe of the detector and thus the thiokness of the obiect. In o GeigefMuenef oounter, the oufput is in fhe form of eleotfioal pulses the numbef of whioh is in dffeof propoftion to the fadiatfon being fneaSufed, and it is usuany neoesSafy, by the uSe of S11itable cifouitS, to count theSe pulses of to tronsform theIn into a voltage the size of Whioh oan be IneasuTed by a Suftable inStrunlent. 1n a devfoe Suoh as iS diso1oSedin the IIafe patent, ft is uSuany necesSafy to place that poftfon of the insfruInent oontaining the radiation souroe and deteotof agafnSf or neaf the object the thiokness of which is to be fneaSured and to allow ft to fe n1ain thefe fof a few SeoondS-at leaSt unti1 tho galvanon1etef needle of pointef oofnes to fesf, so thaf a feading n1ay be taken. It wi11 be seen thefefofe, that it vvould be difffc111t of inlpraotioo fo attenlpt to obfain continuous feadings, aS Whne fffoving the iflStTufnent along the Sufface of the ob eot befng n1eaSured at al substanffany uniforn1 Speed.

n oooofdonce vvith the present inventfon o fffethod and a Ineasuring devioe odfe pfovf(1ed by fneons of Whioh variations in fadiation intensity oon be fn1nedfately and oontinuously detected, Suoh as those Whioh ooour When o fadiation souroe and detector afe passed oontinoously along an objeot vvhich fS irfegu1af in thickness. In oarrying out the fnvention, the pulSes of the de teofof ofe tfansfornled into a c. voltage, the sfze of Which varies With the radiation intensity and this D. c, voltage and an alternating ourrent,

the ffequenoy of Whfoh fS Within the audible fange, ofe ffnpfeSSed upon the gfid of on anlplief tube. A sound producing devioe, such aS a 1oud speokof of al paff of eofphones, fS connected in the plofe offollft of the tl1be and Wi11 pfoduce al tone the 1oudness of whfoh win vary pfoportion 9ltely to the 1). c. voltoge, 8nd thus to the inten sfty of the fadfatfon being measured. AS Stated obove, one oppHoation of the fnvention is in the meosufement of thiokness. Beoause of the almost fnstantoneous ohange in the loudness of the tone vvhen thefe fs ai varfation in the anlount of radia tion dotected, on operator vFeaTing a pair of ear phones oon fflove the instfufnent oontinuously a1ong fhe suffaloe of the object to be n1easufed ond if thefe are nonunifoTn1ities in the thickness these Wn1 be fndioated to the opefatoT imme diotey os they ooouf. If the thickneSS variesv fnofe than o pfedeterInined aInount, the operator, of oourSe, oan then exafffine oarefu1f the poftion Whfoh is too thfok of too thfn With a instrument suoh as is shoWn if1 the pfeviously fnentioned Patent No 2,277,756 ond a reading moy be had of the exaot thfokness of the queStionable poftion.

In addftfon to the fneaSureInent of thickness thefe ofe, of oourse, Inony other applications of fhe .inventfof1. In the appncation of A1exander vvo1f, Sefia1 No. 551,369, now Patent No. 2,56,233, nled oonouffently hefevvfth, a disolosufe iS nlade of 9l 1ffethod ond on apparatus fof detefn1ining lfquf(1 leve1 by detecting ffoIn the oufSide of an opaque vessel the poSftfon, i. e., the height of o n1ember contaiI1ing a SInsLn aInount of radiooofive substance ond floating on iquid in the vesse1. ffth the pfesent invention an operator Weofing the eafphoneS need nlefely push the fnsffunlent veftfoany olong the outef Surface of the vessel unti1 the tone in the eafphones fS at fts gTeatest intensity, ThiS win be an indication that the fnStrulflent is horizontany opposite the b ffoat oontaff1fng the fadioactive Inatefial and, if desifed, 9. feoofd n1ay then be fnade of the height of tho 1iqu1d 1eveL Fof ol better undefstanding of the fnvention,

o,8o,ofo

fofefeooe moy bo hod to the oooomponyfng dfoW fng fn Whfch= gure 1 15 8 someWhat diagramm oc mustr ffon of the fnstfu.n1enf oppned to the meosufing of the thfokness of the vva11 of of pfpe of tube; ood

3gufe 2 fS ol dfogfon1 shoWfng the essenffol paf of the eeotffoo1 offouft.

Befefrfng to the dfaWfng, let ft be ossun1ed thot ft fs desffed to nleosufe the thfokneSS of the vvo11 of B plpe, o seotion of whfoh fs shoWn of lom fflstfufnenf fodioated genefany by the housfng l2 oontafns o. fadiotfon deteotof 3, Shown as of the (}efgef-Muoner oountef type, ond this deteofof hEs axed to one end a radiation shield, nlus tfated as s Solid oone l3, of o fnateffo suoh E8 lead oapable of obsofbing gan1fna radfation. f3t the opex of the cone l3, o snlo11 quantity of al rodfooctive fnoteffo Such as fodfun1 l3 fs ofnxed, the shield ls servfng to pfevent fadiotfon ffon1 the fadium ffom passfng direotly to the deteofof l3. (on1fno foys ffofn the soufce l3 penetfate the Wan of the pipe Whefeif Scattefing takes plaoe, some of the soattefed fadfation pasSfng back outwafdly of the plpe, os is indicoted by the dotfed line 23, so thof ft Win stfike the de teotof l3 vvhefein electffoa1 pulSes ofe pfoduced, the number of these pulsos depending upon the omount of back-Soattefed fadiation Whioh in fuff1 is, of ooufse, dependent upon the thickfless of the vvadlI of the pipe. The oufput of the detectof l3 is conneoted to a cifouit shoWn dia gfommaticany of 22 h Eigufe 1 and mofe oom letel in ffgure 2.

vvfth fefefenoe fo E3gufe 2, the output of the deteotor 3 is possed pfefefably thfough a pfe afffplfflef of a suitoble quenoh oifouit Shown dfo gran1fnaticaHy at 23 and then thfough an fn tegfotion cirouit oofnpfising an e1ectrica1 fesfSt ance 23 and o oondensef 23 Wherein the frequenoy of the pluSes of disohafges iS tfonSfofmed into o D. c. voltage the size of which is propoftiona1 to the counting fote of the detector. This D, c. volfoge is app1ied to the gfid 23 of an on1p1ief tube 30, and connected to this same grid is an olternating onffent having 3 ffequenoy fff the oudible fange, the oonneotionS for thfS alternating ouffent being Shown at 32. In the plate off cuit of the tube 33, o paff of eofphones 33 of o loud speaker is oonneofed. A gfid bfas battefy 33 iS provided and this battefy oan be adjusted so that no audible tone wi11 be efflitfed fron1 the eafphoneS 33 vfhen the fadfation Stfikfng the detector is less fhon o pfedeteffnined omount. when the intensity of the deteoted fadiation feaches of exceeds the pfedeterfnined afnount, an audible tone vvin be eo1ftted ffoIn the eofphones and the volufne of loudness of this tone vvf11 vory pfopoftionately fo the D. c. voltage and thus to the ffltensity of the fadiation deteoted.

ffefeffing again to gufe 1 ond assufning thot the instfunlenf l2 is placed upon the pipe lo fo the fight of the posftfon Shown in the drowing, the battefy 33 oon be adjusted os desofibed above, so that an oudible tone Win be en1itted ffom the earphones. Assuming ag in that the instrument is moved toward the left, as shown in the dfawiI1g, aS Soon as it feaches the vicinify 33 Whefe the thickneSs of the pipe wan is less than that of the poftion of the pipe pfeviously exon1- fned, the tone Win deofease in 1oudness ond this nlay serve as a vafning of the thin spot. The exact thickness in the vicinify 33 can subSequent y be occufately nleosufed os by neans of the method and appafafus discosed in the afofefflef1fioned Iiofe Pofeot 2,277 756.

It Wf11 bo fhot wfth the pfeoont fnventfon, ff fo oot nooeBSory fo vfoff fof on oppfeofoble tffflo offef the fnBtfunont l2 hoo boen ploced on tho pfpe f3 befofe ol noosufement oon be mode; off tho oonffofy, the foStfun1ent oo11 be n1oved oloog the outef Buffooe of the pfpe wfthout otoppfog and ooy f1on-uoffoffnfffes fn pfpe thfckness ex ooedfng o pfedefermfned omounf con be dfo oefned qufokly. obvfously the speed Wh Whfoh the thfokness of obJeots, Buoh oS plotes of plpe of tube vvons, oon be oheoked v7fth thfs n1ethod fo gfootef thon ff= Woulo be ff ff We e neoessofy to hold the instrun1ent statfonar eoch t11ne an obsefvoffoo fs mode.

The essenti 1 circuft shoWn fn moe 2 can be deSfgned eosny by those fommaf Wffh the eleo trfcal aft so thot, by the utn1zatfon of ouftable ffonsfofnlefs ond the 1fke, the eleotrfco1 ouffenf neoessofy fof enefgfzfng the offouft elenlents oon be obtoined ffom a sman baftefy housed Wfthfn the insffuJnent, thus eHo1inotlng the flecessfty for oonnection to an outside soufce of powef. ''he enfife instfuInent 22, thefefofe, oan be selfcontained ond sun3ofently 1fghf fn Weight so fhof ft oan be noved feodny alof1g of objeot to be nleasufed, AS has been stoted hefeif1befofe, the instrunlent can be utuized fof detern1ining 11quid leve1 by n1ounting ft on an exfensible pole of fod so thaf ft oan be oloved veftfoolly olong the vv611 of a vesse1 pafane to the path of an eenlent oontainIng fodioactive flateffa1 and fiotif1g upon liquid vvfthin the vesseL An opefator vvearing the earphones 33 con feodfly detefffline When the if1stfllfnent is hofizontany oppoSfte the ffoat, and thuS the leve1 of the liquid, by the loudness of the tone vvhioh he heofs.

fflthough o fadiofion deteoto1 of the Geigef Mue11er type has been described, it is to be undefstood thot the pfff1ciples involved in the invention afe a1so app1icable fof 11se vvfth othe' fofn1s of fodiatfon deteotofs such, for instanoe, as propoftiona1 counfefs ond ionization ohan1- befs.

()bvfouSly nlony fnodfficatfons and vafiatfons of the fnvention, as hofeinbefofe sef fofth, olay be n1ade vvithouf departfng ffofn the spifif aod soope thefeof, ond therefofe only such 1iff1ftatfons should be flnposed as ofe fndioated if1 the appended oloimS.

I olaffn:

1. The method of fneasufing intensfty of gam mo fadfatfon Whioh oompfiseS exposin 9. gamma foy deteotof of the counter type to a soufce of said fadiotion, convefting the output of said de teotof to on oudible tone the intensity of which vaffes pfopoftionofely vvfth the intensity of soid output, ond detern1ling the afnount of Said fadiotion ffoo1 the voluffle of said tone.

25 The nlethod of detefnining the counting fate of o detectof of penetfotive fadiation Which oon1pffses convefting the output of the detectof to a 1). c. voltage the size of Which is propof tiono1 to sofd oounting fate ifnpfeSSing said 1). c. vo1tage on ohe gfid of on ofnplief fube, s n1u1 taneously fnlpfessing on said gfid an A. c. voltage having o ffequency Wfthin the audible fange, oonvefting the output of said tube info sound, ond detefmfnfng ffon1 the volun1e of said sound the oounting fote of said deteotof.

3. The nlethod of n1eosuring the thicknesS of a Wa11 ffofn one side thefeof Which oonlpfises pasS fng gaffffnar fadfation into said vffa.11, detecting a. poftion of sajd fadiation Which lS Scottefed in the fnateffa1 of soid vvan and fetufned outvvafdly thefeof by o device of the pulse pfoducing type, 

